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Pine (Southern Yellow)

Elliottii

Taeda

Botanical Name:
Note: This commercial description (Southern Yellow Pine) applies to a group of species detailed next, which present a very similar anatomical structure, quite difficult to distinguish.

.- Pinus echinata Mill. Syn.- P. mitis Michaux.
.- Pinus elliottii Engelm.
.- Pinus palustris Mill.
.- Pinus taeda L.

Commercial names:
.- Spanish: Pino amarillo del Sur, Pino del Sur, Pino melis, Pino tea, Pino mobila.
.- English: Southern pine, Southern yellow pine.
.- French: Pins jaunes.
.- Italian: Pino palustre, Pino pece, Pino grasso, Pino giallo.
.- German: Sumpfkiefer, Amerikanishce terpentinkieter.

Note: there are a great number of names to refer to this group of species, names that have given place to a great deal of confusion.

The name given to it in Spain depends on the region. In Cataluña it is called Pino Melis, in Baleares and the Canary Islands Pino Tea (also known in English as Slash Pine), and in the Valencia region it is called Pino Mobila. In practice, just a few really know or use its comercial name.

The origin of the denomination `Pino Melis´ can be found on the French voice `Meleze d´Europe´ (corresponding to the Larix Dedicua Mill or Larch species. This wood has a characteristic texture, where Winter and Summer wood is very well distinguished; the growing ring width is just between 8 and 10 rings per cm.; the duramen is reddish-brown; and it has a variable density of 550 to 610 kg/m³). In a general way, this name is used for every conifer tree (no matter if it is a pine or not), which meet these features. The shortage of the Larix kind provoked that some wood types like the Southern Yellow Pine, among others, have adopted the name `Pino Melis´. However, this does not mean that this kind of wood can be considered as characteristic pattern of the name `Pino Melis´.

The name `pino Mobila´ comes from the fact that this wood, from the South fo the USA, was shipped on the Mobile harbour.

Finally, the name `Pino Tea´ (sometimes translated as Slash Pine) makes it yet more confusing. In the UNE 56.504 standard (Nomenclature of the main foreign commercial conifer woods), it is mentioned that the name `pino tea´ (Slash Pine) applies, in Spain, to any pine wood which has a very well distinguished Winter and Summer wood, with a predominant reddish colour. It also mentions that, in the import market, it mainly refers to the Pinus Palustres. However, other sources point out that the name Pino Tea mainly refers to the Pinus Taeda species, and they also mention that the original reason of the name is that this wood burns as easily as a torch (`antorcha´ or `tea´ in Spanish). Besides, the name `pino tea´ is also used to refer to a type of wood of the Pinus Canariensis species (`Pino Canario´ in Spanish), which has a high resin content, which gives it a translucent caramel colour.

Vernacular Names:
USA: Longleaf pine (P. palustris), Slash pine (P. elliottii), Shortleaf pine (P. echinata), Loblolly pine (P. taeda).

Note: The names above correspond to the following Spanish terms: Pino palustre, Pino pantano, Pino tea (P. palustris) Pino tea (P. elliottii), Pino tea americano (P. echinata), Pino de incienso (P. taeda).

Origin and availability:
It can be found in the South-East of the USA (between Virginia and Texas). There are relevant forest masses, production and exportation.

Wood description:
The alburnum has a colour which varies from white to pale yellow or light orange. The duramen can be very well distinguished, since its colour goes from orange yellow to reddish brown or light brown. The growing rings are well visible. The Summer wood has very dark lines, and the transition from the Spring to the Summer wood is sharp and outlined, with an outstanding contrast. The xylem rays are very thin, not visible with a naked eye, except for when they are included in a transversal resin duct, forming a veined surface.

The grain is straight, although in the case of the P. Taeda it is usually defined as interlocked. The grain is coarse.

It has many resin ducts, even though other sources mention it has not many. And it has got many tannins. It can irritate the skin. It strongly smells like resin. That smell remains after drying.

Physical Properties:
Density: 400-450-500 kg/m³.
Shrinkage: Medium-nerved.
Shrinkage coefficient: total (unit).
.- volumetric: 12% (-)
.- tangential: 7,4-7,7% (0,29-0,33)
.- radial: 4,6-5,1% (0,18-0,25)
Hardness: semi-hard - hard

Mechanical properties:
Faultless wood:
.- Static deflection: 74-105 N/mm².
.- Modulus of elasticity: 11,100-14,500 N/mm²
.- Axial Compression: 41-58 N/mm².
.- Perpendicular Compression: 2,7-3,3 N/mm² (ASTM)
.- Shear: 7-12,5 N/mm².
.- Dynamic deflection: 6-7 J/cm2.

Structural wood: The J&P Sel and J&P Nº1 and Nº2 qualities of the norm NGRDL 1975 produce, respectively, the resistant classes C30 and C22. The SS and GS qualities of the norm BS 4978-1988 produce the resistant classes C22 and C18 respectively.

Drying:
Drying is easy, and almost no faults occur, even though the Pinus Taeda tends to deform or crack.

The recommended drying schedules for the Pinus palustris regular quality timber are the T13-C6 (4/4 and the T12-C5 (8/4) of the FPLM, and the `L´ (4/4) of the PRL.

Natural Durability and impregnability:
This timber is classified as medium or low durable against fungus, sensitive to the Cerambycidae and the Anobium, and partly sensitive to termites.

The alburnum is impregnable, and the duramen is little or not impregnable.

Technological Properties:
Easy to saw, even though dulling may occur due to the high content of resin, in which case usual measures for resinous woods should be considered. The effect of the resin can be reduced with long teeth saws.

It is appropriate to obtain sliced veneer.

Machining is easy and tool dulling occurs regularly. It is suitable for moulding, turning and drilling.

When brushing and moulding, cross-grain may occur near the knots when working with high feeding speeds and badly sharpened tools. Resin may cause tool dulling when machining dry wood.

It is not suitable for bending, due to the high resin content.

Gluing is easy if made with a glue, whose wetting ability is not affected by the resin, like alkaline glues (phenolic, casein glues, with warm temperature), or even with glues containing solvent. However, products whose hardening take place in an acid medium, like urea-formaldehyde glue, must not be used with very resinous woods. It is recommended to glue fresh brushed surfaces.

It can be nailed and screwed without problems. When finishing there can be adhesion problems on the coating layer if there is high resin content on the wood. Besides, exposure to the sun or other heat source may cause resin exudation.

Uses:
.- Decorative veneer sheets
.- Plywood
.- Interior Carpentry: panelling, doors, stairs, floors
.- Mounting carpentry
.- Shipbuilding: masts
.- Poles
.- Wooden sleepers
.- Packaging (lower qualities)
.- Paper pulp
.- Kraft paper

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